Chicken? ...Or Egg? Mac OS

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The chicken or the eggcausalitydilemma is commonly stated as the question, 'which came first: the chicken or the egg?' The dilemma stems from the observation that all chickens hatch from eggs and all chicken eggs are laid by chickens. 'Chicken-and-egg' is a metaphoric adjective describing situations where it is not clear which of two events should be considered the cause and which should be considered the effect, to express a scenario of infinite regress, or to express the difficulty of sequencing actions where each seems to depend on others being done first. Plutarch posed the question as a philosophical matter in his essay 'The Symposiacs', written in the 1st century CE.^[1][2]

Ancient paradox[edit]

The question represents an ancient folk paradox addressing the problem of origins and first cause.^[3]Aristotle, writing in the fourth century BCE, concluded that this was an infinite sequence, with no true origin.^[3] Plutarch, writing four centuries later, specifically highlighted this question as bearing on a 'great and weighty problem (whether the world had a beginning)'.^[4] In the fifth century CE, Macrobius wrote that while the question seemed trivial, it 'should be regarded as one of importance'.^[4]

By the end of the 16th century, the well-known question seemed to have been regarded as settled in the Christian world, based on the origin story of the Bible. In describing the creation of animals, it allows for a first chicken that did not come from an egg. However, later enlightenment philosophers began to question this solution.^[4]

Scientific resolutions[edit]

Although the question is typically used metaphorically, evolutionary biology provides literal answers, made possible by the Darwinian principle that species evolve over time, and thus that chickens had ancestors that were not chickens,^[4] similar to a view expressed by the Greek philosopher Anaximander when addressing the paradox.^[3]

If the question refers to eggs in general, the egg came first. The first amniote egg—that is, a hard-shelled egg that could be laid on land, rather than remaining in water like the eggs of fish or amphibians—appeared around 312 million years ago.^[5] In contrast, chickens are domesticated descendants of red junglefowl and probably arose little more than eight thousand years ago, at most.^[6]

If the question refers to chicken eggs specifically, the answer is still the egg,^[7] but the explanation is more complicated. The process by which the chicken arose through the interbreeding and domestication of multiple species of wild jungle fowl is poorly understood, and the point at which this evolving organism became a chicken is a somewhat arbitrary distinction. Whatever criteria one chooses, an animal nearly identical to the modern chicken (i.e., a proto-chicken) laid a fertilized egg that had DNA identical to the modern chicken (due to mutations in the mother's ovum, the father's sperm, or the fertilised zygote).^{[8][4][9][10]} Put more simply by Neil deGrasse Tyson: 'Which came first: the chicken or the egg? The egg—laid by a bird that was not a chicken.'^[11]

It has been suggested that the actions of a protein found in modern chicken eggs may make the answer different.^[9][10] In the uterus, chickens produce ovocleidin-17 (OC-17), which causes the formation of the thickened calcium carbonate shell around their eggs. Wacky soldiers mac os. Because OC-17 is expressed by the hen and not the egg, the bird in which the protein first arose, though having hatched from a non-reinforced egg, would then have laid the first egg having such a reinforced shell: the chicken would have preceded this first 'modern' chicken egg.^[9][10] However, the presence of OC-17 or a homolog in other species, such as turkeys,^[12] and finches^[13] suggests that such eggshell-reinforcing proteins are common to all birds,^[14] and thus long predate the first chickens. Quiveutdevenirpresident mac os.

See also[edit]

• Bootstrapping (compilers), the solution to an analogous problem in computer science

References[edit]

1. ^'Essays and Miscellanies, by Plutarch'. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 2020-07-07.
2. ^O'Brien, Carl Séan (2015). The Demiurge in Ancient Thought. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 106. ISBN978-1-107-07536-8.
3. ^ ^abcSorensen, Roy (2003). A Brief History of the Paradox: Philosophy and the Labyrinths of the Mind. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 4–11.
4. ^ ^abcdeFabry, Merrill (2016-09-21). 'Now You Know: Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg?'. Time. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
5. ^Benton, Michael J.; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (2007-01-01). 'Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life'. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (1): 26–53. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl150. ISSN0737-4038. PMID17047029.
6. ^Miao, Y-W; Peng, M-S; Wu, G-S; Ouyang, Y-N; Yang, Z-Y; Yu, N; Liang, J-P; Pianchou, G; Beja-Pereira, A (2012-12-05). 'Chicken domestication: an updated perspective based on mitochondrial genomes'. Heredity. 110 (3): 277–282. doi:10.1038/hdy.2012.83. ISSN1365-2540. PMC3668654. PMID23211792.
7. ^Sorensen, Roy A. (1992). 'The Egg came before the chicken'. Mind. 101 (403): 541–542. doi:10.1093/mind/101.403.541.
8. ^Breyer, Melissa (2013-02-11). 'Finally answered! Which came first, the chicken or the egg?'. Mother Nature Network. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
9. ^ ^abcZushi, Yo (27 February 2017). 'Which came first: the chicken or the egg?'. NewStatesman.com.
10. ^ ^abc'Which came first, the chicken or the egg? British scientists claim to have solved the mystery'. NBCnews.com. 14 July 2010.
11. ^Neil deGrasse Tyson (2013-01-28). 'Just to settle it once and for all: Which came first the Chicken or the Egg? The Egg – laid by a bird that was not a Chicken'. Twitter. Retrieved 2017-07-11.
12. ^Mann, Karlheinz; Mann, Matthias (2013). 'The proteome of the calcified layer organic matrix of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) eggshell'. Proteome Sci. 11 (1): 40. doi:10.1186/1477-5956-11-40. PMC3766105. PMID23981693.
13. ^Mann, Karlheinz (2015). 'The calcified eggshell matrix proteome of a songbird, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata)'. Proteome Sci. 13: 29. doi:10.1186/s12953-015-0086-1. PMC4666066. PMID26628892.
14. ^Hincke, Maxwell T.; Nys, Yves; Gautron, Joel (2010). 'The Role of Matrix Proteins in Eggshell Formation'. The Journal of Poultry Science. 47 (3): 208–219. doi:10.2141/jpsa.009122.

Further reading[edit]

• Experts apply new technique to crack egg shell problem 12 July 2010 Freeman, Colin L.; Harding, John H.; Quigley, David; Rodger, P. Mark (2010). 'Structural Control of Crystal Nuclei by an Eggshell Protein'. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 49 (30): 5135–5137. doi:10.1002/anie.201000679. PMID20540126.

Do you have a question about history? Send us your question at history@time . com and you might find your answer in a future edition of Now You Know.

First of all, yes, a reader really did ask us this one.

At first we laughed a bit—who wouldn't? But it turns out that this question is a classic for a reason. People have been asking it for thousands of years, and it contains more than a little history.

'It's a charming problem because you want to dismiss it as a stupid question,' says Roy Sorensen, a philosopher at Washington University in St. Louis who has written on the question, 'but you can see on reflection that we're impatient with it, but it's not a stupid question.'

First, let's get the scientific answer out of the way. Eggs, generally speaking, existed before chickens did. The oldest fossils of dinosaur eggs and embryos are about 190 million years old. Archaeopteryx fossils, which are the oldest generally accepted as birds, are around 150 million years old, which means that birds in general came after eggs in general.

That answer is also true—the egg comes first—when you narrow it down to chickens and the specific eggs from which they emerge. At some point, some almost-chicken creature produced an egg containing a bird whose genetic makeup, due to some small mutation, was fully chicken. Given the incremental nature of genetic changes, locating that precise dividing line is pretty much impossible, but chickens were domesticated, diverging from their wild counterparts, sometime in the range of 7,000 years ago. Neil deGrasse Tyson has endorsed this idea of the not-quite-a-chicken bird laying the egg which would grow up to be a chicken, and Bill Nye agreed.

A few years ago a group of scientists did write about how a particular protein required for chicken egg shell formation was only found in chicken ovaries. That data was often reported as evidence that the chicken was first, but even the scientists whose study it was weren't too convinced, with one of them calling the question 'fun but pointless.' (When the Oxford English Dictionary gave it a go, exploring which word has a longer history, that method that yielded no definite answer.)

Perhaps the more interesting angle, then, is where the question originated—and what its answer's evolution (no pun intended) reveals about the history of human thought.

The story starts in Ancient Greece. Aristotle was clearly thinking about this type of question, says Sorensen, though he escaped having to answer it by saying that both went infinitely backward and had always existed. An 1825 English translation of François Fénelon's book on ancient philosophers described Aristotle's perspective: 'There could not have been a first egg to give a beginning to birds, or there would have been a first bird which gave a beginning to eggs; for a bird comes from an egg.'

Mini webcam bluetooth. It was Plutarch who gave the question its enduring form, 'Whether the Hen or the Egg Came first,' writing of the 'little question' that it 'shook the great and weighty problem (whether the world had a beginning).' In the fifth century, one Roman scholar, Macrobius, wrote that people 'jest about what you suppose to be a triviality, in asking whether the hen came first from the egg or the egg from the hen, but the point should be regarded as one of importance.'

Christian philosophers like Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas spent time considering how to square Greek philosophers' wonder and sage thinking with the certainty of their religious worldview, says Sorensen. After all, understanding the question based strictly on Genesis, the chicken would come first.

A few hundred years later, the Italian natural historian Ulysse Aldrovandi wrote briefly on the matter, revealing that the question was well-known but settled in the year 1600: 'I pass over now that trite and thus otiose rather than curious question, whether the hen exists before the egg or vice versa. It is stated in the sacred books that the hen existed first. These books teach that animals were created at the beginning of the world; hence the hen did not come from the egg but from nothing.'

By the 18th century, however, things were changing. Denis Diderot, an important enlightenment thinker and editor of the Encyclopédie, did not see the question as quite so simple. 'If the question of the priority of the egg over the chicken or of the chicken over the egg embarrasses you, it is because you suppose that animals originally were what they are at present,' he wrote in 1769. 'What folly!' To Diderot, an animal's past was as uncertain as its future.

Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species complicated the issue upon its publication in 1859, Sorensen notes. The theory of evolution made it clear that in some ways Diderot was looking in the right direction, but its emphasis on gradual change (and Gregor Mendel's principles of genetic inheritance) produced the combination of certainty and mystery that continues to this day: the egg must have come first, but it can't be said when. It's a struggle to distinguish between one species and another given that there's a lot of overlap as species slowly adapt.

Even as the science is pretty much resolved, philosophers continue to engage with the matter. No download roulette. Clearly, the question remains a fruitful starting-point for all sorts of meditations—including this one.

Thank you!

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